The Bachelor of Laws (Latin: Legum Baccalaureus; LL.B. or B.L.) is an undergraduate degree in law (or a first professional degree in law, depending on jurisdiction) originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions—except the United States and Canada—as the degree which allows a person to become a lawyer.[1] It historically served this purpose in the U.S. as well, but was phased out in the mid-1960s in favor of the Juris Doctor degree, and Canada followed suit.
Historically, in Canada, Bachelor of Laws was the name of the first degree in common law, but is also the name of the first degree in Quebec civil law awarded by a number of Quebec universities. Canadian common-law LL.B. programmes were, in practice, second-entry professional degrees, meaning that the vast majority of those admitted to an LL.B. programme were already holders of one or more degrees, or, at a minimum (with very few exceptions), have completed two years of study in a first-entry, undergraduate degree in another discipline. Currently, Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law (both being pluralistic legal systems that are based partly on common law and partly on civil law) awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, respectively.
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12TH
12TH
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Financial accounting
Financial
Analysis
Economics
Legal
Common Law
IT Law
English
Economic Theory
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SNEHA SHARMA
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Course programme
B.Com.,LL.B (Five Years Course) I-SEMESTER (LGE-101) General English (The Theory Paper shall be of 70 marks and of 3 hours duration. The question asked may be objective and subjective both or subjective only. 30 Marks have been assigned for sessionals) SYLLABUS: I. 1. Basis Sentence Patterns 2. Tenses 3. Transformation and Formations of Interrogative and Negative Sentences 4. Tag – Questions 5. Model Auxiliaries 6. Word-formation II. 1. Passive Constructions 2. Narration : Direct and Indirect 3. Translation from Hindi to English and English to Hindi 4. Conditional Sentences 5. Word Formation (Conditional) III. 1. Translation (Continued) 2. Determiners and Articles 3. Idioms and Phrases 4. Spelling Exercises Suggested Readings: 1. A Practical English Grammar. Thomson and Martinet 2. Webster”s Spelling Dictionary 3. Living English by Dr. R.P.Bhatnagar & Rajul Bhargava 4. Current English Usage. R.H.Flavell and L.H.Flavell 5. Legal English. R.L.Jain 6. General English. Mr.Rastogi 7. General English. Mr.Tanwar 8. J.S. Allen : ‘English Grammar *** 4 B.Com.,LL.B (Five Years Course) I-SEMESTER (LBC-102) Business Economics-I (The Theory Paper shall be of 70 marks and of 3 hours duration. The question asked may be objective and subjective both or subjective only. 30 Marks have been assigned for sessionals) I. Definition of Economics; Wealth, Welfare and Scarcity centered. Nature and Scope of Economics, Theory of Consumer Behaviour: Cardinal Utility Approach: Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and Law of Equi-Marginal Utility. Ordinal Utility approach: Decomposition of Price effect into Income and Substitution effects (Hicksian Approach only).Determination of consumer equilibrium through Utility And Indifference Curve approach. II. Demand Analysis: Law of demand, Derivation of law of Demand on the basis of Utility analysis and Indifference curve analysis. Ordinary and Compensated Demand Curves. Price Elasticity of Demand and its measurement. Brief idea of Demand Forecasting. Relevance of Economics to Law III. Theory of Production: Concept of production function, Law of Variable proportions and Laws of Returns to Scale. Concept of cost and revenue: Short run and long run costcurves (Traditional Theory only) Concept of Total, Average and Marginal revenue, relationship between Average revenue, Marginal revenue and Elasticity of demand. IV. Price and Output determination under the conditions of Perfect competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic competition. Distribution: Rent—Ricardian Theory and Modern Theory, Interest—Classical and Neo-classical Theories, Wages—Marginal Productivity Theory. Profit—Dynamic, Risk and Uncertainty Theory. Break-Even analysis and Profit Forecasting. Suggested Readings: 1. Salvatore, Dominick (2007): Micro Economics: Theory and Application 2. Seth, M.L. (Latest Ed.): Principles of Economics, 3. Ahuja, H.L. (2011) Advanced Economic Theory: Micro Economic Analysis, 4. Kaushal, G. (Latest Ed.)Economic Theory-Micro Analysis, 5. Gould, J.P. and Edward Lazear (1998): Micro economic Theory 6. S.P. Robert and Daniel L.R. (2006): Microeconomics, Prentice Hall of India, 7. R.L. and K.L. Maheshwary (1999): Managerial Economics, *** 5 B.Com. LL.B (Five Years Course) I-SEMESTER (LBC-103) Principles of Financial Accounting (The Theory Paper shall be of 70 marks and of 3 hours duration. The question asked may be objective and subjective both or subjective only. 30 Marks have been assigned for sessionals.) I. Introduction to Financial Accounting, Accounting Concepts and Conventions, Nature, Purposes and Limitations. Financial Accounting Standards: Objectives, Accounting Standard Board of India and Indian Accounting Standards. II. Overview of the Accounting Process: Journal and Ledger, Trial balance, Classification of Capital and Revenue Expenses. Financial Statements (with adjustments): Income Statement, Balance Sheet. Investment Accounts, Insurance claim, Branch Accounting and Departmental Accounting. Hire Purchase system and Installment payment system Accounts, Depreciation, Provision and Reserve, Voyage Accounts, Royalty Accounts. Suggested Readings: 1. Robert N. Anthony, David F. Hawkins and Keneeth A. Merchant: Accounting- Text and Cases, 12/e TMH, 2008 2. Dr. S.N. Maheshwari and Dr. S.K. Maheshwari: Financial Accounting, Vikas, 2009. 3. Ambrish Gupta: Financial Accounting Management An Analytical Perspective, Pearson Education-2009 4. Jawaharlal: Accounting for Management, HPH, 2008 5. Horngren: Financial Accounting, Pearson, 2009 6. Ashok Sehgal and Deepak Sehgal: Advanced Accounting 7. R Narayanaswamy: Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective, PHI, 2008