M.A. /M.Sc. GEOGRAPHY

Paper - I Evolution of Geographical Thought UNIT - I Definitions, scope, nature and purpose of Geography (including concepts) and its relation with other social sciences. Post War trends, Inter-disciplinary Trends, Recent trends in Geography. Development of Geography in India. UNIT - II Pre-Scientific Geographical ideas in Ancient and Medieval times : Indian influences. Geography of the Vedic Age and Geography of the Purana’s (First four chapters of Geography of Purana’s by S.M. Ali). UNIT - III Contribution by Greek, Roman and Arab Geographers (Al-Baruni and Ibn-I Batuta) The Emergence of scientific Geography in the 18th and 19th centuries. UNIT - IV Founders of modern Geography-Humboldt, Ritter, Leaders of the first generation after Ratzel, Richthofen, Hettner, Contribution of Vidal-de-la-Blache and Brunhes. UNIT - V Dichotomies in Geography : Physical and Human Geography, Determinism and Possibilism, Regional and Systematic Geography, Qualitative and Quantitative Geography. Theoretical and Applied Geography, Analytical and Synthetical Geography, Positivism, Functionalism, Idealism and Realism in Geography. Books Recommended: 1. Minshull, Roger : The Changing Nature of Geography. 2. Hartshorne, Richard : Perspectives on the Nature of Geography. The Association of American Geographers, Hutchinson University Library, London. 3. Dikshit, R.D.: Geographical Thought A Contextual History of Ideas, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd. 4. Wooldridge & East: The Spirit and Purpose of Geography, Hutchinson University Library, London. 5. Dikshit, R.D.: The Arts Science of Geography, Integrated Readings. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1994. 6. Saxena, D.P. : Regional Geography of Vedic India, Granthan Rambag, Kanpur. 7. Harvey & Holly : Themes in Geographic Thought, Rawat Publications, Jaipur. 8. Husain, Majid : Evolution of Geographical Thought, Rawat Publications, Jaipur. 9. Haggett, P. - Geography : A Modern Synthesis, Harper International Ed. Paper - II Advanced Physical Geography UNIT - I Geomorphology: Fundamental concepts. Factors controlling landform development; Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces; Denudation process:Weathering and Erosion. Geosynclines, Mountain Building, Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics UNIT - II Concept of Geomorphic Cycle; Landforms associated with fluvial, glacial, arid, coastal and Karst topography. Slope-forms and processes; Environmental and Applied Geomorphology. UNIT - III Climatology : Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere; Insolation; Heat budget of the earth; Distribution of temperature; Atmospheric pressure and general circulation of winds; Monsoons and jet streams. UNIT - IV Stability and instability of the atmosphere; Air-masses; Fronts; Temperate and Tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Classification of world climates: Kopen’s and Thornthwaite’s schemes; Hydrological Cycle; Climate change and Global warming. UNIT - V Oceanography : Origin of ocean basins; Ocean Bottom relief of Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; Ocean deposits; Coral reefs; Temperature and Salinity of the Oceans; Density of sea water; Tides and ocean currents; Sea - level changes; Ocean’s Mineral wealth. Books Recommended: 1. Ahmad, E.: Coastal Geomorphology of India, New Delhi. 2. Wooldridge & Morgan : An Introduction to Geomorphology, Longmans, Green and Co., London. 3. Steers, J.A. : Unstable Earth, Methuen & Co., London. 4. Strahler, A.N. : Earth Sciences, Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 5. Strahler, A.N.: Modern Physical Geography, John Willey and Sons Inc. New York. 6. Dayal, P. : A Text Book of Geomorphology. 7. Kale, V.S. & Gupta, A. : Elements of Geomorphology. 8. Khan, M.Z.A.& Gangwale Sonal : Global Climate change, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2011 9. Singh, S. : Geomorphology, Prayag Publication, Allahabad, 1998. 10. Thornbury, A.K. : Gemorphology, Prentice Hall, New York. 11. Lobeck, A.K. : Gemorphology, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 12. King & Embleton : Glacial and Pre Glacial Geomorphology, Amold. 13. Cotton, C.A. : Geomorphology, John Willey & Sons, New York. 14. Jeffreys, H. : The Earth-Its Origin, History and Physical Constitution. 15. Sharma, H.S. (Ed.) : Perceptives in Geomorphology, Concept Publishers, New Delhi Paper - III Principles and Theory of Economic Geography UNIT - I Nature, Scope and Methods of Economic Geography, Concept of Economy, Simple model of economy, Impact of modern economy on environment. Spatial structure of economy. UNIT - II Types of Agriculture - Subsistence agriculture, Tropical plantation, Mediterranean agriculture, Mixed farming, Stock raising and its products. Energy Resources of the world - Coal, Petroleum, Hydroelectricity and Atomic power. Energy Crisis, Nonconventional Sources of Energy. UNIT - III Locational analysis and spatial distribution of Iron and Steel, Cotton textile, Chemical, Paper and pulp industries. Development of marketing systems in the world and WTO. UNIT - IV Location and interaction in a simplified economic landscape. Spatial variation in transport cost. Spatial variation in production cost. Demand scale and agglomeration. UNIT - V Decision making process - a behavioural approach. Concept of economic regionformation and types. Economic regions of India. Books Recommended: 1. Lloyd & Dicken : Location in Space : Theoretical Approach to Economic Geography. 2. Mc-Cart & Lindeberg : A Preface to Economic Geography. 3. Smith, D.E. : Industrial Location - An Economic Geographical Analysis. 4. Hodder & Lee : Economic Geography. 5. Berry Conkling & Ray : The Geography of Economic Systems, Prentice Hall. 6. Smith, J.C. & Philip, M.O. : Industrial and Commercial Geography, Henry Halt. 7. Bengston, N.A. & Royen M.V. : Fundamentals of Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New York. 8. Alexander, J.W. : Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New York. 9. Guha & Chatterjee : A New Approach to Economic Geography. 10. Renner, T.H. & Other : World Economic Geography. 11. Robinson, H. : Economic Geography, M.Sc. Donald, London. Paper - IV (a) Geography of Environment UNIT - I Concept of environment and ecology, Nature and scope of the Geography of environment. Concept of ecology and eco-system-definition and elements, energy flow in eco-system. UNIT - II Productivity in eco-system. Eco-cycles. Types of eco-system. Man-environment relationships, perception of environment and its quality. Degradation of Environment, Development vis-a-vis ecological crisis. Global Environmental Issues: Climatic Change - Ozone depletion, Green House Effect and Global Warming, Desertification, Biodiversity. UNIT - III Environmental Pollution - Water, Air, Noise, Soil and Radio-activity, causes, impact and measures of control with Indian examples. Population, Resources and Ecological crisis. UNIT - IV Environment and quality of life. Environmental Management-Approaches, Management of forest, soil, wildlife, energy and mineral resources, Disasters & their management. Environmental Impact Assessment. Conservation of natural resources. UNIT - V Sustainable development. Environmental policies and programmes (international and national). Environmental problems, planning and legislation in India. Books Recommended : 1. Batel, B. (Ed.) - Management of Environment, Wiby Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1980. 2. Desh Bandhu (Ed.) - Environmental Management, Indian Environment Society, New Delhi. 3. Singh & Singh (Ed.) - Geography of Environment Concept, New Delhi. 4. Saxena, H.M. - Environmental Geography, Rawat Pub., Jaipur, 2005. 5. Savinder Singh - Geography of Environment, Allahabad. 6. Murdock, W. (Ed.)- Environment Resources, Pollution and Society, Sin over Association Inc. 7. Gupta & Gurjar - Sustainable Development, Rawat Pub., Jaipur. 8. Khan, M.Z.A.& Gangwale Sonal : Global Climate change, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2011 9. Strahler, A.N. - Geography and Man’s Environment, John, Willey. 10. Khan, M.Z.A. & S.K. Agarwal - Environmental Geography, APH Publishing House, New Delhi, 2004. 11. Centre for Science - The State of Indian Environment : A Citizen’s Report 1982, Environment 1985, New Delhi. Paper – IV (b) Quantitative Techniques in Geography UNIT - I Statistical data, various types of average, measures of dispersion and their calculation. Normal Frequency distribution curve and its uses. Binomial and Poison Distribution, Frequency Distributions. UNIT - II Measures of spatial distribution point and line distribution. Nearest Neighbour Index and spatial randomness. Characteristics of samples. Methods of Sampling. UNIT - III Statistical significance, Diagrams, Standard error of difference, Students test and Senedor’s variance Ratio Test. Models as Quantitative techniques - Simulation Model, The Gravity Model. UNIT - IV Measurement of Connectivity and accessibility. Product moment correlation coefficient. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Kendal’s correlation Coefficient. UNIT - V The correlation matrix. Regression line and confidence limits. The Chi-square Test and its uses. Fluctuations and trends. Logarithmic graph. Books Recommended: 1. Bunge, W. - Theoretical Geography and Studies in Geography, Ser. C. General and Mathematical Geography No.1 Department of Geography, University of Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup ; Lund, 1973 2. Cole, J.P. & King, C.A.M. - Quantitative Geography, Willey, 1968. 3. Dalton, R. & Other - Correlation Techniques in Geography, George Philip & Sons Ltd., London, 1972. 4. Dalton, R. & Others - Sampling Techniques in Geography, George Philip & Sons Ltd. London, 1975. 5. Duncan, O.D. - Statistical Geography - Problems in Analysing Areal Data, 1961. 6. Elhance, D.N. - Fundamentals of Statistics, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, 1962. 7. Fesguon, R. - Linear Regression in Geography, CATMOG 15, Geo Abstracts, University of East Angila, Norwhich, U.K., 1978. 8. Kellerman, A. - Centrographic Measures in Geography, CATMOG, 32, Ge Abstracts, University of East Angile, 1981. 9. Gregory, S. - Statistical Methods and the Geographer, Longman, London, 1978. 10. King, L.J. - Statistical Analysis in Geography, Prentice Hall, 1960. 11. Monkhouse, F.J. & Wiklinson, H.R. - Maps and Diagrams, B.I. Publication, Bombay. Practical Distribution of marks will be as follows - 1. Laboratory and Map work test (4 hrs. duration) 40 marks 2. Record Work 25 marks 3. Viva - voce 10 marks 4. Project Report and viva - voce (20+5) 25 marks Note: 12 hrs. of teaching practical be provided per batch of 10 students per week. Laboratory and Map work - 1. The Art and Science of Cartography, History of Maps, Materials, techniques and Preparation of Maps. 2. Enlargement, Reduction and finding Area of Maps. Use of Planimeter. 3. Interpretation of Weather Maps and Weather Forecast. 4. Map Projection. Projection and their classification - Construction and characteristics of projections (Mathematical constructions) 1. Conical Projections: (a) Equal Area with one Standard Parallel (Lambert’s Projection) (b) Equal Area with two Standard Parallel (Albert’s Projection) (c) Bonne’s (d) Polyconic (e) International 2. Cylindrical Projections : (a) Cylindrical Equal Area (b) Mercator’s (c) Gall’s stereograph