Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) by one university but as a B.Sc. by another, and some universities offer the choice of either.[3] Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences,[4] while some universities offer only the BS even in non-science fields.[5] Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service awards Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degrees to all of its undergraduates, although many major in humanities-oriented fields such as international history and culture and politics.
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About this course
12TH SCI
12TH SCIENCE
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Subjects
Science
World History
Photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroplast
Quantasome
Bioluminescent organisms
Introduction of thermodynamics
State of system
State variables
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Teachers and trainers (1)
SNEHA SHARMA
COUNSELOR
Course programme
UNIT 1 Nature of light, spectrum of light useful for various biological processes in the life of plants and animals, spectrum of light which is harmful to life, unit of light energy (Photon, quantum), Photo Biological reactions. Measurement of light (Lux, Foot Candle). Pigments associated with harvesting light energy: pigments/receptors of light, chlorophylls, caroteniods, phycobilinoproteins, bacteriochlorophylls, phytochromes, Rhodopsin etc. chemistry and functional roles. 12 Periods UNIT 2 Photosynthesis: History, Photosynthetic equations, Light and dark reactions, mechanism of photolysis of water and oxygen evolution; C3, C4, CAM plants, spectrum of photoautotrophs, photoautotroph vs photoheterotrophs; Photoautotroph vs. chemoautotroph, structure of chloroplast and quantasome, Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis, reaction centers. 15 Periods UNIT 3 Bioluminescence: definition, discovery, examples of organisms, photoreceptors – distribution, mechanism; Phytochrome mediated photomorphogenesis phenomena – seed germination etc.. Photoperiodism: LDP, SDP, DNP plants, vernalization, vernalin, etiolation and de-etiolation. Light as an ecological factor affecting distribution of plants and animals (Phyto and Zoo geography), in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: Morphological, Anatomical, Physiological and Behavioural adaptations to extreme light conditions by organisms. 15 Periods UNIT 4 Behavioural aspects: circadian rhythms, jetlag, rhythm of heart beat and other examples. Light as an inducer for biosynthesis of enzymes, hormones and other biomolecules. 8 Periods Suggested Reading Materials: 1. Hawes C & Satiat-Jeunemaitre – 2001 Plant Cell Biology : Practical approach 2. Buchanan B, Gruissem G & Jones R – 2000 – Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. BISP 104 : LIGHT & LIFE – LABORATORY 1. Demonstration of (a) etiolation and de etiolation; (b) Light and CO2 are essential for photosynthesis (Moll’s half leaf experiment) and measure oxygen evolution during photosynthesis (c) Oxygen liberation during photosynthesis; and (d) Measurement of light using Luxmeter, Secchi disc 2. Chemical separation of chloroplast pigments/Chromatographic separation of chloroplast pigments. 3. Demonstration of Hill’s reaction and study of the effect of light intensity. 4. Demonstration of Blackman’s law of limiting factors. 5. Study of the effect of red and blue light on seed germination and development of pigments during fruit ripening. 6. Photographs/slides/specimens of photoautotrophic and photosynthetic bacteria, chloroplast, quantasome, bioluminescent organisms. 7. To study the effect of light and darkness on the chromatophores of fish 8. To study the phototactic behavior of earthworm/ to determine whether insect larvae are equally attracted to different colored lights.