M.D.S.:ORTHODONTICS

M.D.S.:ORTHODONTICS

Six months teaching of basic subjects including completion of pre -clinical exercises 2 ½ years of coverage of
all the relevant topics in Orthodontics, clinical training involving treatment of patients and submission of
dissertation. These may be divided into blocks of 6 to 8 months duration each, depending on the training
policies of each institution.
I. Applied Anatomy
 Prenatal growth of head:
Stages of embryonic development, origin of head, origin of face, origin of teeth
 Postnatal growth of head:
Bones of skull, the oral cavity, development of chin, the hyoid bone, general growth of head,
face growth.
 Bone growth:
Origin of bone, composition of bone, units of bone structure, schedule of
Ossification, mechanical properties of bone, roentgen graphic appearance of
bone.
 Assessment of growth and development:
Growth prediction, growth spurts, the concept of normality and growth increments of growth,
differential growth, gradient of growth, methods of gathering growth data. Theories of growth
and recent advances, factors affecting physical growth.
 Muscles of mastication:
Development of muscles, muscle change during growth, muscle function and facial
development, muscle function and malocclusion
 Development of dentition and occlusion:
Dental development periods, order of tooth eruption, chronology of permanent tooth
formation, periods of occlusal development, pattern of occlusion.
 Assessment of skeletal age
The carpal bones, carpal x -rays, cervical vertebrae
II. Physiology
 Endocrinology and its disorders
(Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, ACTH) pituitary gland hormones, thyroid
gland hormones, parathyroid gland hormones
 Calcium and its metabolism
 Nutrition-metabolism and their disorders: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins
and minerals.
 Muscle physiology
 Craniofacial Biology: ell adhesion molecules and mechanism of adhesion
 Bleeding disorders in orthodontics: Hemophilia
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III. Dental materials:
 Gypsum products: dental plaster, dental stone and their properties, setting reaction etc.
 impression materials: impression materials in general and particularly of alginate impression material
 Acrylics: chemistry, composition physical properties
 Composites: composition types, properties setting reaction
 Banding and bonding cements: Zn (PO4)2, zinc silicophosphate, Zinc polycarboxylate, resin cements
and glass lonomer cements
 Wrought metal alloys: deformation, strain hardening, annealing, recovery, recrystallization, grain
growth, properties of metal alloys
 Orthodontic arch wires: stainless steel gold, wrought cobalt chromium nickel alloys, alpha & beta
titanium alloys
 Elastics: Latex and non-latex elastics.
 Applied physics, Bioengineering and metallurgy.
 Specification and tests methods used for materials used in Orthodontics
 Survey of all contemporary literature and Recent advances in above -mentioned materials.
IV. Genetics:
 Cell structure, DNA, ANA, protein synthesis, cell division
 Chromosomal abnormalities
 Principles of orofacial genetics
 Genetics in malocclusion
 5 Molecular basis of genetics
 Studies related to malocclusion
 Recent advances in genetics related to malocclusion
 Genetic counseling
 Bioethics and relationship to Orthodontic management of patients.
V. Physical Anthropology:
 Evolutionary development of dentition
 Evolutionary development of jaws
VI. Pathology:
 Inflammation
 Necrosis
 Repair and healing with detailed tissue changes in soft tissue and bone
 Histochemistry
 Patho physiology of healing
VII. Biostatistics:
 Statistical principles
 Data Collection
 Method of presentation
 Method of Summarizing
 Methods of analysis -different tests / errors
 Sampling and Sampling technique
 Experimental models, design and interpretation
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 Development of skills for preparing clear concise and cognent scientific abstracts and publication
VIII. Applied research methodology in Orthodontics
 Experimental design
 Animal experimental protocol
 Principles in the development, execution and interpretation of methodologies in Orthodontics
 Critical Scientific appraisal of literature.
IX. Applied Pharmacology:
 Analgesics
 Anti Inflammatory Agents
 Antibiotics
 Antiseptics
 Styptics and Haemostatics
 Astringents
 Disinfectants and Sterilization Agents
 Steroids
X. Orthodontic history:
 Historical perspective,
 Evolution of orthodontic appliances,
 Pencil sketch history of Orthodontic peers
 History of Orthodontics in India
XI. Concepts of occlusion and esthetics:
 Structure and function of all anatomic components of occlusion,
 Mechanics of articulation,
 Recording of masticatory function,
 Diagnosis of Occlusal dysfunction,
 Relationship of TMJ anatomy and pathology and related neuromuscular physiology.
XII. Etiology and Classification of malocclusion:
 A comprehensive review of the local and systemic factors in the causation of malocclusion
 Various classifications of malocclusion
XIII. Dentofacial Anomalies:
 Anatomical, physiological and pathological characteristics of major groups of developmental defects
of the orofacial structures.
XIV. Child and Adult Psychology:
 Stages of child development.
 Theories of psychological development.
 Management of child in orthodontic treatment.
 Management handicapped child
 Motivation and Psychological problems related to malocclusion / orthodontics
 Adolescent psychology
 Behavioral psychology and communication
XV. Diagnostic procedures and treatment planning in orthodontics
 Emphasis on the process of data gathering, synthesis and translating it into a treatment plan
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 Problem cases - analysis of cases and its management
 Adult cases, handicapped and mentally retarded cases and their special problems
 Critique of treated cases.
Cephalometrics
 Instrumentation
 Image processing
 Tracing and analysis of errors and applications
 Radiation hygiene
 Advanced Cephalometrics techniques
 Comprehensive review of literature
 Video imaging principles and application.
 Computerised Cephometrics / Digitization
XVII. Practice management in Orthodontics
 Economics and dynamics of solo and group practices
 Personal management
 Materials management
 Public relations
 Professional relationship
 Dental ethics and jurisprudence
 Office sterilization procedures
 Community based Orthodontics.
XVIII. Clinical Orthodontics
Myofunctional Orthodontics:
 Basic principles
 Contemporary appliances -their design and manipulation
 Case selection and evaluation of the treatment results
 Review of the current literature.
Dentofacial Orthopedics
 Principles
 Biomechanics
 Appliance design and manipulation
 Review of contemporary literature
Cleft lip and palate rehabilitation:
 Diagnosis and treatment planning
 Mechanotherapy
 Special growth problems of cleft cases
 Speech physiology, pathology and elements of therapy as applied to orthodontics
 Team rehabilitative procedures.
Biology of tooth movement:
 Principles of tooth movement-review
 Review of contemporary literature
 Applied histophysiology of bone, periodontal ligament
 Molecular and ultra cellular consideration in tooth movement
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Orthodontic I Orthognathic surgery:
 Orthodontist role in conjoint diagnosis and treatment planning
 Pre and post-surgical Orthodontics
 Participation in actual clinical cases, progress evaluation and post retention study
 Review of current literature
Ortho I Perio I Prostho inter relationship
 Principles of interdisciplinary patient treatment
 Common problems and their management
Basic principles of Mechanotherapy Includes Removable appliances and fixed appliances
 Design
 Construction
 Fabrication
 Management
 Review of current literature on treatment methods and results
Applied preventive aspects in Orthodontics
 Caries and periodontal disease prevention
 Oral hygiene measures
 Clinical procedures
Interceptive Orthodontics
 Principles
 Growth guidance
 Diagnosis and treatment planning
 Therapy emphasis on:
a. Dento-facial problems
b. Tooth material discrepancies
c. Minor surgery for Orthodontics
Retention and relapse
 Mechanotherapy - special reference to stability of results with various procedures
 Post retention analysis
 Review of contemporary literature
XIX. Recent advances like:
 Use of implants
 Lasers
 Application of F.E.M.
 Distraction Osteogenesis
Skills:
II. Pre- Clinical Exercises
A general outline of the type of exercises is given here. Every institution can decide the details of exercises
under each category.
1. General Wire bending exercises to develop the manual dexterity.
2. Clasps, Bows and springs used in the removable appliances.
3. Soldering and welding exercises.
4. Fabrication of removable habit breaking, mechanical and functional appliances, also all types of space
maintainers and space regainers.
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5. Bonwill Hawley Ideal arch preparation.
6. Construction of orthodontic models trimmed and polished preferably as per specifications of Tweed or
A.B.O.
7. Cephalometric tracing and various Analyses, also superimposition methods
8. Fixed appliance typhodont exercises.
a) Training shall be imparted in one basic technique i.e. Standard Edgewise / Begg technique
or its derivative / Straight wire etc., with adequate exposure to other techniques.
b) Typhodont exercise
i. Band making
ii. Bracket positioning and placement
iii. Different stages in treatment appropriate to technique taught
9. Clinical photography
10. Computerized imaging
11. Preparation of surgical splints, and splints for TMJ problems.
12. Handling of equipments like vacuum forming appliances and hydro solder etc.